If the reported speech stating the actual words, this is called direct speech (sentences directly). Sentences are not connected by "that" it must be marked with (punctuation) comma.
If the reported speech provides the main content words used by the speaker and not the actual words that are called indirect speech (indirect sentence). In indirect speech sentences were associated with the word "that".
Reporting verb tense is not changed, but the form of reported speech time should be changed based on the reporting verb tense.
Two ways to change the form of time in reported speech:
1 Rule
If the reporting verb is past tense, the verb tense in reported speech, it must be converted into one of four forms of past tense.
Direct Speech - Indirect Speech
Simple present - be - Simple past
He said "The woman comes" He said that the woman came
If the reported speech provides the main content words used by the speaker and not the actual words that are called indirect speech (indirect sentence). In indirect speech sentences were associated with the word "that".
Reporting verb tense is not changed, but the form of reported speech time should be changed based on the reporting verb tense.
Two ways to change the form of time in reported speech:
1 Rule
If the reporting verb is past tense, the verb tense in reported speech, it must be converted into one of four forms of past tense.
Direct Speech - Indirect Speech
Simple present - be - Simple past
He said "The woman comes" He said that the woman came
Exceptions:
If the reported speech is associated with general truths or facts that have become
habits, or the simple present indefinite present in the reported speech is not transformed into
past tense is appropriate, but still just as adanmya, for example:
Direct Speech - Indirect Speech
He said, "The sun rises in the east" - He said that the sun rises in the east
In reported speech, if the present tense changed to past tense with the rules I, adjective, verb or adverb is generally modified
If the reported speech is associated with general truths or facts that have become
habits, or the simple present indefinite present in the reported speech is not transformed into
past tense is appropriate, but still just as adanmya, for example:
Direct Speech - Indirect Speech
He said, "The sun rises in the east" - He said that the sun rises in the east
In reported speech, if the present tense changed to past tense with the rules I, adjective, verb or adverb is generally modified
But if this, here, now, and so on show at the object, place or time when speaking, it will not be changed.
Agus said, "This is my pen. " - Agus said that this was his pen
(when talking pen in the hands of the speaker)
Rule II
1) When the news reported speech sentence
With this regulatory reporting verb is considered in the present or future tense and whenever this particular case, tense of the verb in reported speech is not changed at all in transforming direct into indirect speech.
Reporting verb - Reported speech
Present tense - Any tense (form any time)
Direct: She says to her friend, "I have been writing".
Indirect: She says to her friend That he has been writing. (unchanged)
Direct: She has toll you, "I am reading".
Indirect: She has toll you That he is reading. (unchanged)
Direct: She will of say, 'You have done wrongly. "
Indirect: She earnest tell you That you have done wrongly. (unchanged)
Direct: She will from say, "The boy wasn't lazy".
Indirect: She will of the boy tell Them That wasn't lazy. (unchanged)
2) If the reported speech is a question sentence
a) Reporting verb say or tell converted to ask or inquire. By repeating the question words and change the tenses when asked the question begins with the word preached.
Agus said, "This is my pen. " - Agus said that this was his pen
(when talking pen in the hands of the speaker)
Rule II
1) When the news reported speech sentence
With this regulatory reporting verb is considered in the present or future tense and whenever this particular case, tense of the verb in reported speech is not changed at all in transforming direct into indirect speech.
Reporting verb - Reported speech
Present tense - Any tense (form any time)
Direct: She says to her friend, "I have been writing".
Indirect: She says to her friend That he has been writing. (unchanged)
Direct: She has toll you, "I am reading".
Indirect: She has toll you That he is reading. (unchanged)
Direct: She will of say, 'You have done wrongly. "
Indirect: She earnest tell you That you have done wrongly. (unchanged)
Direct: She will from say, "The boy wasn't lazy".
Indirect: She will of the boy tell Them That wasn't lazy. (unchanged)
2) If the reported speech is a question sentence
a) Reporting verb say or tell converted to ask or inquire. By repeating the question words and change the tenses when asked the question begins with the word preached.
Direct
He said to me, “Where are you going?”
He said to me, “What are you doing?”
Indirect
He asked me where I was going
He inquired of me what I was doing
b) By use if or whether as a liaison between reporting and reported speech and verb tenses change, if the question begins with the verb reported:
Direct
He said to me, “Are you going away today?”
He asked me , “can you come along?”
Indirect
He asked me whether I was going away that day.
He asked me if I could come along.
3) The sentence commands (imperative sentences)
If the reported speech is a command line, reporting verb say or tell should be changed to a particular verb that indicates:
· command (command), such an ordered, commanded, etc. which means sent, ordered.
· precept (instructions, guidance, education), for example, advised that means advising.
· request (petition), for example, asked which means asking, pleading.
· entreaty (very urgent request), for example, begged that means asking, begging (very).
· Prohibition (ban), for example, forbade that means banning.
In the change from direct sentences into indirect sentences, imperative mode should be replaced with the infinitive. Strictly speaking, reported verb (a verb or a verb as reported in reported speech) should be changed to infinitive with to.
a) Command:
Direct: He said to his servant, "Go away at once!"
Indirect: He ordered his servant to go away at once
b) Precept:
Direct: She said to her son, "Study hard!"
Indirect: He advised her son to study hard
c) Request:
Direct: He said to his friend, "Please Lend me your pen!"
Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind Enough to Lend uterus his pencil
d) Entreaty:
Direct: He said to his master, "Pardon me, sir"
Indirect: He begged his master to pardon uterus.
e) Prohibition:
Direct: She said to her daughter, "Do not go there"
Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there
If the reporting verb say or tell transformed into verbs reported ask, order, command, etc. (but if not forbid), predicate is changed into the infinitive with to is preceded by a note or no + infinitive with to.
Direct: She said to her daughter, "Do not go there"
Indirect: She asked herdaughter not to go there.
If the reported speech is a command line, reporting verb say or tell should be changed to a particular verb that indicates:
· command (command), such an ordered, commanded, etc. which means sent, ordered.
· precept (instructions, guidance, education), for example, advised that means advising.
· request (petition), for example, asked which means asking, pleading.
· entreaty (very urgent request), for example, begged that means asking, begging (very).
· Prohibition (ban), for example, forbade that means banning.
In the change from direct sentences into indirect sentences, imperative mode should be replaced with the infinitive. Strictly speaking, reported verb (a verb or a verb as reported in reported speech) should be changed to infinitive with to.
a) Command:
Direct: He said to his servant, "Go away at once!"
Indirect: He ordered his servant to go away at once
b) Precept:
Direct: She said to her son, "Study hard!"
Indirect: He advised her son to study hard
c) Request:
Direct: He said to his friend, "Please Lend me your pen!"
Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind Enough to Lend uterus his pencil
d) Entreaty:
Direct: He said to his master, "Pardon me, sir"
Indirect: He begged his master to pardon uterus.
e) Prohibition:
Direct: She said to her daughter, "Do not go there"
Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there
If the reporting verb say or tell transformed into verbs reported ask, order, command, etc. (but if not forbid), predicate is changed into the infinitive with to is preceded by a note or no + infinitive with to.
Direct: She said to her daughter, "Do not go there"
Indirect: She asked herdaughter not to go there.
4) The sentence exclamation (exclamatory sentences)
If the reported speech consists of sentences or sentence exclamation optative, reporting verb say
or tell should be changed to certain verbs such as exclaim, cry out,
pray etc..
a) Exclamatory sentences
Direct: He said, "Hurrah! My old friend has come "
Indirect: He exclaimed with joy That Had his old friend come.
b) Optative sentences (sentences that express hope, praise, etc.)
Direct: He said, "God bless you, my dear son"
Indirect: He prayed That Would God bless his dear son
If the reported speech consists of sentences or sentence exclamation optative, reporting verb say
or tell should be changed to certain verbs such as exclaim, cry out,
pray etc..
a) Exclamatory sentences
Direct: He said, "Hurrah! My old friend has come "
Indirect: He exclaimed with joy That Had his old friend come.
b) Optative sentences (sentences that express hope, praise, etc.)
Direct: He said, "God bless you, my dear son"
Indirect: He prayed That Would God bless his dear son
